Understanding the fundamental differences between formative and summative assessment
Assessment in education is an important tool for evaluating student learning and guiding instructional approaches. Two primary assessment types, formative and summative, offer distinct, but complementary methods for evaluating and enhancing student learning. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the differences between formative and summative assessments, defining their unique characteristics, objectives, and implications in educational settings. Formative assessment, which is also known as assessment for learning, is characterized by its continuous feedback provision, emphasising ongoing improvement throughout the learning process. It prioritises descriptive and timely feedback to guide students’ understanding of their strengths and areas for improvement. On the contrary, summative assessment, which is also known as assessment of learning, marks the conclusion of a learning phase, providing a conclusive judgment of overall student achievement against predefined standards. The implications of formative assessment lie in its support for personalised learning and continuous improvement, while summative assessment extends to final evaluations and decisions about students’ achievements. Integrating both types of assessment offers a comprehensive understanding of student progress, fostering differentiated instruction and informed decision-making within education, ultimately contributing to continuous growth and development among students. Therefore, teachers should consider using the strengths of both assessments to create an inclusive learning environment that caters to diverse student needs and promotes holistic student success.
Keywords: formative assessment, summative assessment, assessment types, student learning, assessment for learning, assessment of learning
