Equal temperature heat conduction in fluids
Background: The value of a method to the operating cost of a bio-reactor in theory is a fifth of the cost of water for cooling. Cost of water is expressed in metering as pump energy consumption, fouling, and scaling. An abstract is as follows. “Employing flow across tube banks model in cooling ethanol bio-reactors can save the amount of cooling water required to produce a cube meter of ethanol by about a fifth compared to using internal cooling coils.’
Method: The use of models and numerical methods that conserve operational cost at the expense of cost of initial investment in process selection, material selection, and material preparation.
Significance findings: Process selection and innovation based on existing electronic data leading to categorization and easy readability of information for easy indexing.
Grooving (Description of rotation of grooving lathe- rotation and traversing) of tunnels, channels, and piping fittings improve the capillarity in wide pipes to reduce turbulence and radial motion of bulk fluids flow in joinery and fittings.
Chemical reactions involving the use of water as a reactant can be moderated by the use of chemical compounds that contain high ratios of hydrogen compared to any other singular chemical elements as a storage form of hydrogen to complement water splitting due to the high amount of thermal energy needed to break hydrogen and oxygen bonds. Chemical compounds saturated with hydrogen express high buoyancy in water medium.
